Hi, I'm Robert Lawrence with the Advantage Corporation in San Diego,
and we have a Colby 5 here,
which is highly optimized for playing chess.
And we have designed it around a recursive assembler routine
that uses a brute strength approach
to finding the optimal route.
I don't want to give away exact numbers,
but we've got the fastest depth-first search to get the most number...
We can predict more turns in advance than any other computer,
so we've got a good chance.
My field is experimental psychology,
but I've spent the last three years studying chess skill
in both humans and machines.
And this is TSAR.
This is the latest iteration of Caltech's computer chess program.
This is 3.0. Last year, 2.0 won this very same tournament.
Computers are getting smaller, they're getting better, they're getting faster.
It's a matter of time before we beat people with these things.
Do you guys have a program in the competition here today?
No. Don't know anything about it.
We're just watching 'em get ready for the end of the world here.
- World War Ill. - That's what we're here for.
Getting in on the ground floor.
Do you think a human being will ever beat a person at chess?
Between a "human being" and a "person"?
My money's on the computer.
I mean a computer...
If you ask Captain Apocalypse there... Have you talked to this guy?
I feel like I'm writing intercontinental ballistic missile routines here!
I just wanna win at chess.
What can I say, there is nothing but changes
Nothing but changes
What can I say, there is nothing but changes
Nothing but changes
You and I stay the same anyway
Does it really take time to be free of your mind?
Hey! Hey!
Do not ever shoot at the sun, you're gonna burn out the tube!
- I wasn't shooting at the sun, it's fine. - You're shooting at the sun!
You're gonna shoot the rest of the weekend inside.
We want to be only inside. That's it!
But computer chess goes back even further,
to the mechanical Turk, 1770, the original chess-playing machine.
It played against and defeated Benjamin Franklin
and Napoleon Bonaparte.
Well, he had a secret.
There was a human being inside the machine.
Though the first was a fraud, we're working to get back
to that level of chess play when machine beats man.
I greet you for our annual North American Computer Chess Tournament
and present you with a panel of the best and the brightest.
From my left, there is Les Carbray from Allied Laboratories.
Hi there.
Martin Beuscher, sitting in for Tom Schoesser.
And that's last year's winner, TSAR 2.0 from Caltech.
Roland McVey from MIT, the programmers of STASIA.
And finally Mike Papageorge, who is an independent programmer.
Is there a computer program in the house
which can stand up to a human chess master?
That's me! When will a machine beat me?
Many years ago I made a public wager
that no computer would beat me until the year 1984,
and that date is quickly coming up.
So what do you think, gentlemen? Will I win my bet?
I... I think you're cutting it close,
but I think you will win that bet.
If I was in your shoes, I wouldn't extend it any.
I think within two years of that, 1986,
you won't stand a chance,
and I think that, say another ten years after that,
there isn't a man or woman alive who will stand a chance.
Well, there may be some disagreement,
but look at the speed with which the technology, the software,
but particularly the hardware, is progressing right now.
And just based on that speed,
barring a calamitous event like World War Ill to set us back,
I truly believe it to be inevitable.
How about any of the other gentlemen, do you have a thought on this?
Want to chime in?
This articulate panel?
We've experimented some with parallel processing
and then we're doing selective search,
and all the algorithmic and software things that we're doing
makes a difference, it does make an improvement,
but it's dwarfed by the improvement we get just with better hardware.
More memory and faster processor.
We're blessed at Allied in that we have the equipment,
we have the resources at our disposal, so...
The person I'm really excited to talk to about real gains in software
is perhaps Tom Schoesser,
who I thought was going to be here on this panel?
Yes, Professor Schoesser will be here shortly,
he is delayed, but he will be here.
OK, could you perhaps talk about some of that?
Talk about advances? Well, I...
I think it's safe to say that we're operating in some of the same avenues as Allied,
but maybe Professor Schoesser could speak more to that,
but I'm not necessarily certain he would speak about it.
Well, anyway, whatever you did last year was working
because TSAR 2.0 was the winner,
and they were especially good about endgames,
and that's a place where computer programs often falter.
So I think what I'd like to show is an example of what happened last year.
And I'm sorry to do this to my friend right here, but...
So, STASIA versus DAWN.
Well, this should have been an easy win for STASIA.
Any human being can see that there's a forced queen-takes-queen,
and it's a very easy victory for White.
But instead... Queen checks.
Queen checks.
Check, check, check, check, back and forth,
over and over again, lost in a loop.
Very, very embarrassing, wouldn't you say?
Yes. It was not our finest moment.
But you bring up a good point.
I think we've seen a lot of increase in hardware speed,
it's definitely led to stronger game play.
In fact I think we're searching the tree deeply enough now
that we're catching pretty much all of the tactical issues.
But STASIA's greatest weakness,
which I think is the same weakness all our programs share,
is that it really has a very poor understanding of the positional issues.
So this year at MIT we've hired a grandmaster to help us out.
He's helped us come up with a couple rules on the endgame specifically
that will hopefully help us avoid the comedy that we saw last year.
Mr Papageorge, we haven't heard from you yet.
You usually have a very unique opinion, so...
Frankly Pat,
I have to tell you I find the programming of my fellow competitors here
to be almost as boring as this discussion.
Why, because the machine can't compete against the human soul?
Very interesting!
Sure, sooner or later somebody's gonna write a program
that's gonna beat you in '83, in '85, who cares?
Listen, you guys are just trying to eke out
one little victory versus each other, you know?
You get here this year, you get here next year.
My program is seeking harmonies, seeking innovations...
- I'm not entirely sure... - That's what I'm doing!
From the perspective of programming that it actually means anything.
Well, we'll see when we get to the competition.
Could you please spell your name for me, sir?
Sure, it's P-A-P-A-G-E-O-R-G-E.
I don't see anything here.
- I'm sorry. - P-A-P-A-G-E-O-R-G-E?
- No. - M-I-C-H-A-E-L?
I'm sorry.
I could call to one of the neighboring hotels and see if there's an available room.
No, I need to stay at this hotel where the competition's being held!
I am Pat Henderson, I am very excited.
We have players from all over America, Canada, Quebec...
Just great, and we have something new this year,
we have a lady who is competing, way in the back corner.
I'm happy about that too, she's welcome.
So, the way this tournament works is this,
we play Swiss system - that's five rounds.
That means everybody keeps playing. If you lose, you play to the end.
However there is one big winner,
and that winner gets a $7,500 prize.
And the other thing you get to do, you get to play me.
Stick around for the last day
because I challenge that winning chess program.
This will be a grueling couple of days, so let's keep it light,
let's keep it collegial, be respectful, and of course have fun.
Let's begin round 1.
So, Tom Schoesser - is he showing up?
He's a good guy. Way ahead of his time.
He's like Tesla, he's so far ahead.
I wanna talk to him about the "Eureka moment".
And frankly, we're on the way to a kind of timid strategy on the side of White.
I think the reason is, they are playing the very, very strong Caltech TSAR 3.0 team.
In this case, maybe the program is trying for a draw?
In fact I defy anybody to tell me any theory of Tesla's
that's been disproven today.
I mean, wireless energy transfer,
radio before Marconi,
the spark plug,
alternating current engine...
Rook to D8.
- Maybe the Industrial Revolution. - No, it says E8...
TSAR takes pawn.
Queen takes queen.
And rather than capture queen, the rook just approaches it.
Is there any possibility that this is...
some kind of very advanced...
I mean...
we just gave up a queen to...
to get his queen there and now we're basically just...
Well...
- Don't move that rook. - All right?
- Be right back. - Excuse me! Excuse me...
There seems to be a little glitch here,
maybe we should just follow with the camera
and I'll look over here at the STASIA SHORTSLEEV game.
We're having serious technical problems,
- I need to run a very, very brief diagnostic. - I'm sorry, once the clock has started...
There's a tiny... I'm almost certain I know what it is,
it's just going to take a moment of our time.
I appreciate that,
but unfortunately once the clock has started we cannot halt the game.
OK... That's understandable.
We can go ahead and leave the clock running.
It's gonna be a very brief diagnostic.
I'm almost certain I know what the issue is.
- I'm sorry, there's no adjusting the code. - We're at a point now... this game is not...
And MIT just won.
Great playing everyone, great round.
I've got your new table assignments up here on the projector.
Eight of you will be moving.
Let's be careful and, of course, watch for cables.
Good luck.
Oh, God...
Peter, can you tell me what's going on here?
I mean, chess is the game where you're supposed to protect the king, right?
Yes.
Rather than sending him out to die at the earliest opportunity.
- Is that right? - Yes.
- Yeah? - OK.
Do you have any idea what game it is that TSAR is trying to play right now?
Can you enter the move?
Scotch, man?
God, yes.
Another of these for the Rules Committee here?
Thank you so much.
A lot of late night coding sessions fueled by this stuff.
You don't find it blurs your judgment?
I've got it down to a science, you see.
There's a sweet spot.
And the sweet spot is three scotches.
Four?
You start to get a little bit drunk, a little bit fuzzy.
One or two, it just doesn't work.
But on three scotches?
A man on three scotches could program his way out of any problem in the world.
Excuse me, I'm gonna go to the bathroom.
OK.
Shelly, hi. Mike Papageorge. I was one of the panel lists.
- Hi. - How you doing?
Fine.
I see you're with the MIT team.
That's wonderful, I think that we need more women here at this conference.
I mean seriously, you get all these guys together
to come up with a solution for this problem, what do they come up with?
"Brute force." Brute force. It's pathetic, really.
I'd be willing to bet that you and I are the only ones here
who even understand that programming has a feminine side.
Anyway, I would love to stay in your room if you have an extra bed.
I... I'm so sorry that you lost your room.
I... I don't have an extra bed.
Could I just crash on your floor or something?
I just need, you know, a blanket and a pillow really.
Just somewhere where I can crash till tomorrow morning.
The thing is, the computer's in my room, so...
I would probably need to check with the team to make sure...
What, McVey? He's fine, he loves me!
Excuse me. Sorry to eavesdrop, but I don't think...
Can I help you guys with something?
Yeah, I don't think it's a good idea to... with the computer equipment in her room.
I... I just don't think that's a good idea.
Sir, sir... we, unlike Shelly, we have a double, we have plenty of space.
We'd be happy to have you stay with us.
- You can stay in our room. - Yes, no problem.
What?
So the thing... the thing you got to remember is...
When I'm talking, I'm not really talking, he's talking.
When I'm asking questions, he's the one who's actually asking them.
He's just asking them through me.
You can answer me...
- But, but... - It's all going back to him.
He's pulling the strings.
- How do you feel about that? - I... I'm...
No, no, no! You've got to answer me.
So...
explain this to me, because...
guys like you are, like, from Mars, to me.
How does somebody end up being you?
I mean, how do you get to be you?
- How do I get to be me? - Yeah.
- How do you have to be you? - How do I have to be me?
Yeah. How do you get to be you?
Well, it's hard to sum up.
For the most part I'm doing what I love to do.
But I've got the resources that I need.
You know, I... if I need...
if I need hardware, if I need computational cycles or whatever,
I mean, I've got that all on my...
No, but tell me, like, like, like...
Like, you get up and you... what?
You take a shower, you eat breakfast, you get in your car, you get on the highway?
- I'm... - What are you doing with your life?
I'm... developing a computer chess program!
Imagine a world where children can hone their skills
playing against machines,
where you've almost got an electronic chess coach...
But what if it's the computer honing its skills playing against children?
Well, I think that's part of a...
I think that's part of a bigger question.
From a technical point of view.
Can you look me in the eye and tell me that you have not...
had any interaction with the Defense Department,
the Pentagon, DARPA, the intelligence community, the entire...
- John invited me. - Fine.
They don't call it the "military-industrial complex" for nothing.
Hey, how's it going?
HEY
Welcome to our little "after hours" joint here.
You want a beer, or you want some weed? There's pills in the back.
Nah, I usually abstain.
Usually?
- Have a peanut, at least. - All right.
- Let me... Let me... - Actually I want one of those too.
Accept some assumptions that I may not believe.
Let's say that...
Let's overstate my importance.
Let's say that, yes, this work that I'm doing,
they're very interested
and they're looking at every theory that I come up with
and applying this to their great military machine, or intelligence machine.
- I mean, let's... - It's not even a metaphor!
I mean, there are two sides, different colours,
one of 'em's got to win, one of 'em's got to lose.
It's gonna be ugly for the ones that lose.
There are "knights," there are "kings," there are "queens."
This is obviously a militaristic problem that you're trying to solve.
Are you... are you trying to recruit me here?
Are you from the Pentagon?
Is there something you're not telling me?
I get around, but that's not...
You get around?
If I'm all that you seem to be suggesting that I am to the Pentagon,
then if I wasn't performing this work
doesn't that mean that the Russians are getting ahead of us? I don't think...
You can use that excuse for any atrocity that's ever been committed.
"If I didn't do it somebody else would."
But on the other hand, you seem to be making the argument
that if any form of research has military potential
then it is something which morally should not be researched.
- I asked if it would bother you... - I think you halt human progress.
You halt human progress!
Chess is black and white.
Let's... again, let's take this example,
I'm not in the world, I'm not in the world...
It's not war, chess is not war.
It's like my uncle said,
"War is death, hell is pain, chess is victory," and...
I would rather play a game of chess
than go fight, get killed, get a fuckin' bullet in the eye.
I enjoy it.
- I enjoy playing. - Here you go. Enjoy that.
Thanks.
But what about...
What about the progress of A.I.?
You talk of its applications in war,
but how far has A.I. really come?
Things evolve, this is true, I'm not refuting that at all.
But if all computers can do is calculate,
then what about our basic fundamental premise of intelligence?
What is artificial intelligence?
Let me stop you there for one second.
Why are you here?
To participate in a tournament, to do the best you can,
in a field that you basically believe is stagnant and you don't believe in?
I don't believe in the dominant approach.
You guys figure this out. You ever seen the knight's tour?
You've got to look at the real research.
- You do the knight's tour? - Yeah.
You wanna see it?
- Yeah. - Yeah, but, but...
So many of my colleagues, I feel, have a very narrow view.
There's a fundamental assumption that all knowledge can be formally represented.
That all knowledge can be reduced to numbers.
It needs to be an embodied sense...
But for God's sake, you're in the academic world!
If anybody - if anybody could get a grant,
if anybody could get this signed off
to do this kind of research, it's you.
You're in an ideal position for that. I'm not.
My employer probably doesn't see any money in what you're talking about,
But you? You can go forth, you can put these theories into practice.
You can write research papers on it.
You would think academia would be more promising,
but the dominant paradigm...
You been recording this whole time?
- Is very hard to fight against. - No.
- I mean, I... - Why not?
I've gone to grad school for years,
because I was seeking real artificial intelligence.
And real artificial intelligence, it's...
Let me ask you...
Real artificial intelligence?
Is that different than artificial real intelligence?
How significant is the research?
In the last decade the research hasn't been that significant,
even in the calculable world.
We're going round in circles, aren't we?
Who are you?
This is Mike Papageorge. I'm here for the competition.
Could I possibly come in for a minute?
Can you go away, please?
Hole in the bucket, the water will fall
Hole in the bucket, the water will fall...
I lost my key.
Can I just come in here and stay with you guys for a while?
- Sure, come on in. - Thanks.
Hu.
One want to be two,
two want to be one.
One want to be two,
two want to be one!
Yeah.
It's half me and half you.
I didn't get absolute perfection,
but I definitely see the possibilities,
and being open to the possibilities.
I never realised that our eyes are the same color.
And just...
Thank you.
- Thanks. - Thank you for being here.
Its warmth.
Its moisture.
Excitement!
The joy it brings.
It is OK.
You may come in.
And we shall adjourn.
Should we go back to the room?
I will visit with you all individually,
and I will see you all together this evening.
I love you. I love you.
Do you need help cleaning up?
Yes, yes, thank you...
Hey, what do you got there?
A COMPAQ luggable portable computer.
Hey, that's a big one?
Yeah.
What's... what's...
It's the PDP-11.
- A what? - It's the PDP-11.
OK.
Yes. It's very good.
And how about your name, Luke?
- Is that some kind of acronym? - OK, well...
Luke is me, not an acronym.
Luke is my computer.
Luke is the software that I wrote for this contest.
So it's all Luke. Just me, version one.
- There'll only be version one... - Gentlemen. Shelly.
Another round begins, we can start the games.
Roland, I'm sorry, I'm afraid we're going to have to offer our resignation.
Is that even legal?
To resign before you've even made a move?
Should we ask Reini?
It's OK with us, we'll take the win.
What's wrong?
I wish I knew.
You guys need a bathroom break?
This is a very odd, weird, strange, idiosyncratic game.
I don't know how many ways I can say it.
And it's all on White,
it's all CHECKERS.
White has already sacrificed a queen and a knight.
This is either suicide
- or just the most brilliant game... - What's going on over there?
Of the whole tournament.
TSAR hasn't made a single move!
Hey, don't talk to him. He's working!
Pat, go fuck yourself!
Look!
This is a beautiful, beautiful quiet move which I just missed.
- CHECKERS set quite a clever trap here... - Tom! Hi!
Hi! Les, good to see you.
Excuse me.
- How are you doing? - I'm fine, thank you.
You're still using the V-20-10...
Excuse me, Les. Tom, could you follow me, please?
- Nice position you've got there. - Tom!
Tom Schoesser, the man of the hour!
Hey, what's wrong with you guys?
TSAR 3.0 - what's wrong?
Innovation can be a rocky road!
We actually just resigned the game.
You resigned? Why?
Peter, you want to update Tom?
It...
I was just up all night debugging it and I haven't come across anything.
- You were up all night? - Yes.
OK...
How about you get a breath of fresh air and we'll work on this?
OK.
- Roland, good to see you. - Hey, Tom.
Good to see you.
So, I know this is a little unorthodox,
but between gentlemen,
do you mind if we "unresign"?
Sure. Yeah.
- I just want to watch her play. - It's OK with us.
OK.
Hey!
Hey, are you with the computer convention over there?
Yeah, I think we met briefly in the conference room, I'm Dave.
- You're...? - Peter.
- Peter, nice meeting you. Yeah. - Yes.
Hey, do you mind if I ask you a question?
What are you guys doing in there?
Are those all the new computer models, or what?
No, not really.
- They're new chess programs. - Oh, yeah?
Various... various people have written their own chess programs this year
- and it's a tournament for that. - OK.
So the computers will face each other off to see who's written the best program.
OK, so... the computers play chess versus other computers?
Yes.
Well, I've got a little convention here, too.
I mean, it's a couples group.
I don't know if you've ever done any encounter stuff or anything like that.
You're probably a little young for that.
I don't know if you're into any of the therapy at all...
Anyhow...
the guy, I don't know if you've seen this guy... Keneiloe in there?
Big black guy. I mean, he's from Africa!
So his perspective is really... really heavy, you know?
I mean, his...
It's not like the western therapy trip at all. It's like... it's really...
Oh, man. Are you married?
- No. - OK, well...
I mean, all truths contain their opposite.
Without black you can't have white, that sort of thing.
You understand, right?
It's like in order to know something you have to forget it - that's why we seek it!
OK, OK...
I know what you're thinking, "Who's this crazy guy?"
- No, it's nothing like that. - Yeah, no, it's OK, it's OK, it's all right!
Well, I'm Dave. Tell me your name again?
- Peter. - Peter, right.
- Peter Bishton. - Peter Bishton.
- Hey. - Yes.
Hey, we got the same color eyes, man!
All right. Hey, I'll see you.
There is an interesting tie for second place
between STASIA and ADVANTAGE.
Three and a half points each.
Their only hope is that the top two teams are going to draw,
but I think that's very unlikely with CHECKERS and ALLIANCE,
two teams that are absolutely going to go for the kill.
CHECKERS and ALLIANCE!
ALLIANCE, a kind of traditional program,
we like what they do, but we can kind of figure it out.
But CHECKERS... I've talked about this several times today -
very strange, very idiosyncratic, very odd.
I talked to Mr Papageorge himself and I said,
"What language is your program in?"
And of course, he wouldn't tell me.
So I talked to a couple of other programmers and they said, "We have no idea."
"It could be Sanskrit, it could be Pig Latin!"
Tom.
HEY
I'm sorry, can you go to the bathroom and wash your hands?
Yes.
OK. Let's check her out.
OK.
So let's run a trace with test position 62.
OK.
OK, keep scrolling.
OK, next page.
I just don't understand why it's committing suicide.
It's not killing itself- it's a computer.
It doesn't have will.
It's running software - we wrote the software.
So there, it's going down the tree
and then it's calling the evaluation function.
OK, so... keeping that in mind,
when you are compiling with F77, this code...
The F77 that you're running is not the standard one.
I wrote a new compiler, specific to this hardware and this software.
- Say that again? - So...
The compiler is adding instructions
to implement the machinery of the optimizations
as it's compiling the lines that you see.
OK.
So you can see those lines of code, but there's actually more being generated.
The system can improve itself during the game - in the hash -
to run the evaluation and then to store that evaluation in the hash.
With adjusted parameter settings...
To implement, say, the transposition table...
Additional functionality...
That's right - everything is not everything!
- What? - There's more.
- OK... That's kind of new. - Yeah.
OK.
So...
How do you stay up through these all night hacking sessions?
I mean, do you want to get a coffee or something?
- No. No, thanks. I'm fine. - OK.
- I'm fine, thank you. - OK.
You know, when I was in grad school I used to do some push-ups sometimes.
Keep my blood flowing. Yeah.
No, I think I'm fine, I don't need to do anything.
OK, no push-ups. So...
I just don't want it to keep losing, that's all.
I understand, but this is an advantage for us.
Everyone down there thinks that we're yesterday's news.
But we're getting information now
about how this system is performing in a tournament setting,
and we've got six months before the world championship in Lisbon,
and no one can catch up to us!
Because they haven't seen the technology in action,
- because of this problem. - Neither have we.
Yeah, well, but we can go back to California
and put the boards in the testing hardware
and test everything in isolation
based on the parameters that you're finding here.
We have time...
But speaking of time, I have to get back to my wife and child.
All right...
Thank you.
- OK. Bye-bye. - Bye.
Thank you Dr Schoesser - you're a great adviser and a brilliant man.
Convince me not to kick your ass.
Don't kick my ass.
Why would you want to kick my ass, John?
You stole something from me.
You hadn't talked to Freddy about this? Is he here, by the way?
Yeah, I took those drugs. The pills.
Freddy and I talked about this - I'm bringing you guys money for them...
John, come on, it's just some money.
What's the big deal?
John... John?
- Hello? - Hi.
Hi.
I'm sorry...
I'm Peter from the Caltech team,
and I was wondering - do you have STASIA here?
- Yeah. - OK...
Could I run an experiment with the two of them, if that's OK?
OK.
Thanks. Thank you.
Can you help me come get it?
Yeah, let me go get my glasses.
OK.
Pawn A6 to A5.
Knight B3 to D2.
It's still retreating...
Hold on, sorry. Can you try something else?
Can you try just making a move on your own?
Don't use STASIA.
Can you do your own move?
What?
Just... Just do... Just do your own move.
On your own.
OK.
Knight, C6 to...
Just... Well, hold on. Just think about it a little bit,
and then go.
Just give it a thought.
Pawn A5 to A4.
Pawn G2 to G4.
Now you're waking up.
Pawn E6 to E5.
Pawn F4 to F5.
Did you see that?
- It's a weird strategy. - It's...
Yeah.
Yeah, it's revising its strategy.
Why do you think it's doing that?
Excuse me.
Sir?
Sir, you can't sleep there.
Sir?
It actually turns out a couple didn't check in for the other conference,
and I have a room available.
- Would you like it? - I would.
- How would you like to pay? - Tomorrow morning?
Great, here's room 302.
Just walk down the hallway,
take the elevator to the third floor and take a right.
Sounds good.
Good morning.
I don't know if that's ever happened to you...
You're talking about the dream?
We had the same dream last night.
At least I think we had the same dream last night.
The more we talked about it, the more it sounds like we had...
- because I felt like she was there. - Who is that?
Come here, honey.
Good morning.
Can I help you people with something?
Yes, absolutely.
What can I help you with?
Excuse me, Dr Schoesser?
Can I join you?
OK, yeah.
How are you doing? What's going on?
Well, I really wanted to talk to you this morning.
I had a theory that...
I don't think that TSAR wants to play against computers.
And why do you say that?
Well, because last night after we were working on it,
I took it to an MIT student's room
and I had their program STASIA play against ours.
Wait, you wheeled it over there?
I had a student help me, yes.
OK.
And what did you do with the MIT team?
I just had one student play their program against ours, that's all.
OK.
I just wanted to see another game, and...
The idea I had is, I just had...
at first the two programs playing against each other,
and then I had that same student start generating their own moves, and...
TSAR at first was doing very poor, just like it had,
and when it started playing against the student,
it was much more aggressive
and it played... it performed better.
I... OK...
But this was just part of a game last night, right?
How many moves?
Twelve or so.
OK, I...
We just didn't have enough time.
I appreciate your desire to figure this stuff out,
but I just don't think that that's enough data
to support this theory about computers versus human opponents.
I would like to run some more tests as well.
This is just the start of it. This is just a proposition I have.
It's just such an outlandish theory...
I don't... I don't... It just doesn't make sense, and...
Well...
No...
It's... It's still...
There's still some significant evidence for it...
I know it's a bit unconventional,
but...
There's some others - like Nikola Tesla...
Who has been talking to you about Tesla?
Just some person who mentioned him.
I do not think that Tesla is a good role model for your academic career.
That is the path to madness.
Do you know about confirmation bias?
Where you're blind to all the things that will refute your theory
and you're fixating on the things that support it?
This is a human trait,
and it's an issue that I've dealt with in my own work in the past.
TSAR is a very complicated machine,
it has many components, many connections between them.
And right now, some of those connections are going a little wrong.
Our brains... even more complex.
And I think that with this theory of yours,
you're making a few wrong connections.
And I'm worried that if you're fixating on this
the balance of wrong connections to right connections could shift,
and at that point we've lost our sanity.
Dave!
Monica!
Look deep within me
to find what is inside you.
Go. Break through.
Come through, Mr Michael Papageorge.
Fight through!
He's crowning - watch his shoulders!
Rotate his shoulders.
Keep fighting, Mr Papageorge.
Squeeze through...
I'm now going to cut your umbilical cord.
Breathe, Mr Papageorge.
Breathe, Mr Papageorge!
There you go.
Now, what is your name?
Michael Papageorge!
Yes. Welcome, Mr Papageorge.
Group, let us greet the new Michael Papageorge.
- Good morning. - Good morning.
Hey, it is a good morning.
- Welcome. - Welcome.
Black, which was winning the game,
has now gone off on this tangent,
chasing after that white king.
Can you move your arm please? Thank you.
Chasing the king, trying to get it up, up on the board,
and in the process the black bishop is trapped.
There's really nothing much for it to do.
The white king, which looks naked sitting there,
is actually in a very nice position.
CHECKERS has moved its rook up -
I'm expecting ALLIANCE to defend this pawn with its knight.
- That was interesting. - Yeah.
How's your room?
Yeah, it's nice.
Same as any of 'em, I suppose.
The mini-bar is half-empty.
That's a bit of a surprise move.
CHECKERS happily takes the pawn.
But, let me tell you - that black king is in deep trouble.
Do you have a Jacuzzi tub in your room?
Jacuzzi tubs are nice.
- Yeah? - Yeah.
You got one of those?
Yeah - they ran out of rooms so they had to give me the honeymoon suite.
Nice.
Yeah, it is nice.
Just a matter of luck, I suppose.
Deeply, deeply in trouble.
Let's see what CHECKERS comes up with.
So, Les...
When did the tables turn?
According to my evaluation, ten moves ago I was up plus five.
But now it looks like I'm busted.
Do you have an evaluation transcript over there?
I just get the moves on my print-out.
Well, there's got to be a record of that evaluation somewhere.
Could I possibly get a transcript of that after the game?
I can talk to the powers that be.
That would be great if you could talk to the "powers that be" -
whoever they may be.
Put in a word for me, I could really use a copy of that evaluation transcript.
I'll ask. I'll ask for sure.
Thanks, Les. Lester.
- Put in a word for me. - I will. Will do.
You're welcome.
That's it.
- Thanks. Good game. - Good game.
Black resigns.
Mate in one more move.
Les, I really would appreciate a copy of that transcript.
- I'll ask for you... - Yeah, please do.
I must say that was a very intense game
played between two wonderful computer chess players
- and we've seen some of the... - What just happened?
I'm talking on camera. Could you please move?
- I'm talking to my camera. - I understand that, but...
Please talk to my Rules Committee over here.
- This, the... Your Rules Committee? - Thank you, John. Thank you.
This one little guy is your Rules Committee?
That was an amazing game, an extremely good computer program.
What do you think the problem is? You just saw...
Yes, I just saw Allied win the tournament.
You just saw... You just saw Goliath beat David.
And you're paying 'em for it. You're rewarding 'em for it.
This will be ALLIANCE versus yours truly...
- creative programming... - They bought great ability!
If you had that kind of resources, you would show great ability also!
Hey, Peter! Hey, how are you?
No ice!
Hey, what are you doing right now?
Hey, why don't you come say hi to Pauline?
- Who? - My wife. Come on!
Let's meet Pauline.
- Yeah, I've been... You all right? - Yeah.
I've been telling her about you.
Yeah.
Sweetie?
- Are you decent? - What?
I brought a friend here. I met Peter, my friend, in the hallway.
Come on in, Peter. Hey.
Is it OK? I'm gonna bring him in.
- Yes, yeah. - All right.
- Oh, hi. Hi, Peter. - This is my wife, Pauline.
- Pauline, Peter. - Welcome, welcome.
Hey, come on in. Have a seat.
- Put you right over there. - OK. Yeah.
Hey, no ice.
So, I wish we could offer you a drink or something, but...
Yeah, our guy, Keneiloe, he just says, "No..."
"No alcohol, no dope."
Keneiloe is very strict about that sort of thing.
Right, right. He says it's a spiritual shortcut - unearned grace.
- Have you ever tried LSD? - Oh, honey, come on!
Spanish Inquisition over here.
Give the boy some room here, let him settle in.
No...
I've read about it though, and I thought it was interesting how...
just a temporary hallucination
can have a permanent effect on some people,
on their... on their consciousness, just chemically.
I love the way his mind is... working.
Dave's just crazy about you guys.
It's like he's a little kid and the circus is in town.
He just wants to run away.
It's true, I want to run away.
Hey, let me get you something - a soda...
water from the tap, something like that?
I know that you've told Dave all about your computers and your technology,
but has Dave taken a moment to tell you what we're doing here?
A little bit.
Don't you think it's strange that we're all here at the same time?
Pauline and I don't actually believe there's such a thing as...
Coincidence.
- Coincidence. - Yeah.
We're all kind of like seekers here.
You know what I think is so neat about you guys
is you're kind of like mental explorers.
You know, I mean, with the computers
you're kind of like way out there like Columbus,
sailing the ocean blue, uncharted new territory.
You don't know what you're going to find.
There may be something really beautiful on the other side.
But Peter, did you ever ask yourself,
"How many squares are there on a chessboard?"
64.
It's an eight-by-eight grid.
Well, but don't you see how limited that is?
No...
It's actually very complex when you start to think about it as a programming problem.
Just the number of possible games explode exponentially with each move.
It's close to 10 to 120th power,
and to try and compute all those games
might take even longer than humanity would be around to do so.
Oh, man.
But look at the whole world -
you want to be the best chess player,
and that's beautiful, it is,
and I honor the beauty of that,
and the passion you have to do a thing like that.
But I have to be truthful and tell you that it also breaks my heart just a little bit,
because you could be the greatest chess master who ever lived
and still not begin to tap into your full potential!
I don't want to be a chess player, it's programming...
Right, right, but if you're a programmer,
you know, the best programmer, I mean, you could be the greatest...
I mean, he could be the president of IBM...
Well, Dave, he could be the President of the United States and...
Right, and still not live up to his potential.
Have you been with a lot of women, Peter?
HEY
I think I should probably go.
Oh, come on.
Well, I mean, if you get your kicks some other way...
Yeah. We are very open.
We're very accepting, and...
You know, I hate to say it,
but we are actually old enough to be your parents, and...
if you want to think of us that way, well...
I don't understand what you mean by that.
Peter...
If you want to leave, it's OK.
- You're not gonna hurt our feelings. - No.
It's... You know, it's a free country, so...
But, honey, if you want to stay, that's OK, too.
But if you stay, there's just one rule.
And that is that you have to be free.
No 64 squares on a board.
No squares, no board, just...
life!
Squares.
- I think we're the squares here. - Maybe.
We're just normal everyday people -
a schoolteacher and a secretary.
Why don't you just come sit down on the bed next to us?
Just sit next to us, that's all...
You know what I like?
I like to get the back of my neck kissed.
Just like Dave is doing.
Just so lightly that...
that it almost tickles.
What do you like, Peter?
Peter, you know,
giving pleasure and receiving pleasure...
they're the same thing.
Two wants to be three.
Papageorge
Freddy.
I was talking to John.
He said that you were gonna pay us.
He thought that you were gonna win that prize, the money...
I was planning on winning that prize.
But you...
You guys worried about the money that I owe you?
Well, we got bills. You took pills from us.
Yeah, I got bills to pay.
All right, well...
I haven't had a chance to leave the hotel yet to get any money.
I don't have a car.
I don't know when you guys would have expected me to go get the money -
I've been here the whole time.
- I have a car. - You have a car?
They got this guy there, this African guru.
I mean, I don't even know if he really is African.
The guy's probably from Detroit or something.
They're just chanting and ranting...
I tell you. It's all over for the white man.
I wonder how much those people paid for that conference anyway?
At least I got my catharsis for free.
Blllaah!
Freddy!
It's marketing.
Right.
- Tom Schoesser. - Tom?
He sold his program to Allied Labs, that's what happened.
TSAR threw the competition.
He sold his program to Allied,
and they plugged it into their machine, and that's the machine that beat me.
I mean, come on, it's just the Turk all over again!
Instead of a man hiding inside of a machine,
it's a program hiding inside of another program.
Mediocrity triumphs again.
Always.
Just take... just take...
Just take a mediocre... Just take a mediocre program
and turbo-charge it.
Just take something mediocre and turbo-charge it.
OK.
We've made some strides this year,
we've had a couple of issues on the other hand.
I apologise to anybody here who has had cat allergies.
Miaow!
It's not gonna happen next time,
we're gonna be in a different hotel, don't worry about it.
So now we go onto the awards - the real reason we're here today.
So we're gonna start with the third prize,
and the winner of course is the STASIA team,
and that is led by our dear friend Mr McVey.
You guys come up.
He's very generously bringing his team up.
Congratulations to a great team.
Really beautiful programming...
This is the team that's got a lady on it - there she is.
That's the first time for our conference and we welcome her.
Thanks for being here.
Thank you.
The STASIA team!
Before we present the second prize, we have a little surprise -
an amusement from the NOOG team.
I'm gonna get this right, this is what the NOOG team has set up.
They wrote up a little program, it's up here, to run a predictive algorithm.
They charted every room
that Mr Papageorge has attempted to stay in over the weekend.
They spit out a prediction of what room he would end up in -
and that is Room 217.
That's the big winner. 217!
That's just a math joke... a math joke.
OK. Is Mike in the room?
Is Mike here?
All right, boys or gentlemen -
or young men, or whatever you want to call yourselves -
it's time for your refreshment.
- Thanks, Mom. - Well, you're quite welcome.
And by the way, Freddy, do you know Luke?
No, I don't know Luke.
Well, it's time you got acquainted. Do you know Luke?
No, I don't know Luke.
Luke 15:11 through 32.
Try and decode this one.
So, Luke tells... these are parables, these little stories.
Like "The Prodigal Son", that's a parable.
There's one about the lost coin,
a woman who was preparing for a wedding
and she had to have so many coins, and she lost one.
And she just tore the house up looking for that coin.
All right? Now it's called the Holy Bible.
Well, Bible means book.
- And what does "holy" mean? - Blessed.
Mom, where is the box? I left a little box here.
It's a small wooden box, Mom!
I haven't seen it. I haven't seen any kind of box.
You must have moved it somewhere!
I left it right here.
Well, if I moved it, I was unconscious.
Look... you know that shelf your daddy built above the tub?
It's a small wooden box. It has money in it.
You know, there was an old man called Uncle Otto.
And he was nobody's uncle but everybody's uncle.
And he hid his money in a fruit jar, sealed it..
- I don't have time for this story right now! - And buried it...
- I need to find this box! It has money in it! - In a horse's stall out in the big barn.
- Well, the barn caught on fire, and... - It's a small wooden box. It has money in it!
The whole thing collapsed. Tin was covering up his fruit jar.
And he finally had confessed the story to his neighbours,
they came in and dug and looked and never found it.
- Two years later, in some muck... - It's a small wooden box.
- And some brush and some moss... - It has money in it.
In a creek, the jar was discovered.
It was perfectly sealed.
The money was there, but Uncle Otto was gone.
Lost in a loop...
Thank you.
And he's taking the cheque.
I would too.
Very inventive program, very bold this year.
Another round of applause for this guy. He really is a winner.
Smile for the camera.
- And thank you. All right. - Thank you.
OK, this marks the official end to our tournament this year.
For those of you who are not getting immediately on an airplane,
I advise you come around tomorrow for a spectacular game
between the winning ALLIANCE team, computers,
and me, a human person.
- That's it. Man versus machine. Right, Les? - Right.
OK. The adventure continues,
and we're gonna see all you folks next year.
Thank you. Thank you all so much for coming.
We really look forward to seeing what you bring next year.
The adventure continues.
Are you sure I can't get you something?
- No. - Shirley Temple?
Can you just leave me alone?
Hi, Peter.
- May I have a glass of house red, please. - Sure.
Thank you.
Talk about complex systems.
"Garbage in, garbage out."
You input garbage into the computer, or the data, you're gonna get it out.
But the program is perfect!
The program calculated exactly what you wanted. You know?
You want to know the real future of computers?
Tell me.
Dating.
You mean computers are going to start dating each other?
- No. - Science of attraction?
We'll use 'em for dating.
You know, we got a couple young people here.
- I want to hear this. - What attracts them to each other?
I'm wondering if you could program a computer,
you know, with the inputs on these signs of attraction?
- It's all about strategy. - Right.
Just like chess.
Here we go. Go on.
- Just... - What's your strategy?
Yeah?
I don't have one.
I'll tell you. When I met my wife, years ago in college,
I knew her one day before we had that magical moment.
So what happens with that?
When people see each other and get that reaction? I mean...
I mean... You're a video guy.
- Yeah. - Yeah, what do you see, man?
What do I see?
What do you see? Yeah.
I don't know - you want to look through the camera and see what I see?
You want to look through the camera?
Yeah.
Go pick it up. Test it out.
- You ever use a video camera? - No.
- Check it out. - OK.
Have you, in your dealings with the other teams,
heard any rumors or speculation
that the Allied Labs team
paid Professor Schoesser to throw the tournament?
No.
Good.
I can tell you that that is completely false.
Have you heard another rumor
that there's been interest from the Pentagon in our project?
No.
That one's true.
And, in fact, they've been following the project for some time.
They're aware of the failures we've been having
and they don't understand them either.
And the reason the Professor was late to the tournament
was because they had detained him for some sort of questioning.
I want to tell you something that I haven't told anyone else.
And I hope you'll use discretion with this information.
You know that my own work is primarily experimental psychology -
broader applications or implications
of the same artificial intelligence work that we're doing?
Yes.
Not necessarily having told Tom I was doing this,
I used some of the TSAR software in a personal project.
I was up very late one night -
in the lab running experiments - I saw something anomalous...
something that I told myself for a long time didn't happen,
that it was some kind of a practical joke, or RF interference -
something deeper and stranger, possibly more exciting!
I saw something that night that I can only describe as chilling.
I just thought you should know.
Thank you.
- Hi. - Hi.
Hi.
Peter, your strange ideas from last night - they really got to me.
This morning I woke up and everything was weird.
I walked out into the lobby of the conference
and I looked down and everybody looked like they were chess pieces.
I saw Professor Schoesser standing there - he was the king,
and Henderson was zig-zagging, going diagonals like a bishop.
And there was a student who was stepping forward,
just like a pawn.
And just as he was about to hit Professor Schoesser,
his wife swooped in to defend him, just like a queen.
And I kept thinking that a knight was gonna teleport...
Did you see any teleportation?
No.
No...
Did you see anything where...
like if two bodies would come together,
one of them would disappear?
No.
OK.
All right.
Well, thanks.
Good night.
Hello, sir.
We are a group of hearts and minds.
I see...
That's very nice, but listen -
you're gonna have to get out of here, take your group,
because I have this room reserved for a chess tournament.
There's a chess tournament in 20 minutes
and I'm bringing in chessboards,
I'm bringing in a computer, there are 20 people coming.
So just take your group and you'll have to leave.
No, sir. We cannot leave.
I have the room reserved.
You don't have it reserved. I have it for the whole weekend!
Every day I have it with the management.
We've had a chess tournament all weekend,
- people from all around... - But today is Monday, sir.
I know. Well, Monday is part of the...
Yes.
Perhaps we can speak with the manager?
No, no, let's not talk to the manager.
Excuse me, people. We have an agreement.
Don't you people have any respect?
It's gonna rain down by me...
Pat, Pat... it's OK.
Pat, forget about them. Forget about them.
It's gonna rain down by you
And the rain comes down easy
But the minds of men take longer
- breaking down walls. - I didn't see two of us, I saw one of us.
Seriously, I don't think lever saw him the way I saw him just now.
A much deeper connection...
There was a warm communion that came through...
I wanted to, just, take her clothes off in that moment.
Excellent. Did you hear what he said?
He wanted to take off her clothes...
Well, I have to think it was my mom and dad.
I have to think it was Biblical...
- What even does the love taste like? - Dangerous and potentially catastrophic.
I think all of us can see mates right down the line.
No, I don't do anything like that.
- OK. - I love doing this.
I have a million more things to say.
But the minds of men take longer
Dr Schoesser, I'm very, very sorry.
Mr Schoesser...
Professor Beuscher, I'm very, very sorry.
It's gonna rain
It's gonna rain down by you
It's gonna rain
It's gonna rain down by me
And the rain comes down easy
But the minds of men
The minds of men take longer
Sitting easy
Sitting easy by my love
With the warm breathing sun above
And the rising wind off the land below
Tells the sky of a rainy child that grows
There's an eagle hanging lazy in the sky
Dropping feathers down by where we lie
And the feathers will soon die
Giving way to a rainy child of sky
It's gonna rain, it's gonna rain down by you
It's gonna rain
It's gonna rain down by me
This song is in honor of artificial intelligence.